Participant Observation and Grand Theory Essay

Bronislaw Malinowski, with his ground-breaking field work of the Trobriand Islander community in the beginning of the 20th century stock-still today counts as a pi sensationer, if not the implanter of the British Social Anthropology. In his famous decl be Argonauts of the Western Pacific. An Account of Native Enterprise and fortuity in the Archipelagos of Melanesian New Guinea that was first published in 1922 he develops an elaborate methodological textile for ethnographical research, besides known as actor placard.This method go away exceedingly influence the anthropological way of approaching its field of study and hence its theoretical landscape from then on. looking at at Malinowskis description of the clan agreement of the Trobriand community, his descriptive and specifying style of formulation becomes app atomic number 18nt Each of the four clans has its own name Malasi, Lukuba, Lukwasisiga, Lukulabuta. () There ar special combinations of the clan names with format ive roots, to descrive men and women and the mixed plurality belonging to the same clan Tomalasi a Malasi universe Immalasi a Malasi women Memalasi the Malasi people (). dear the village of LabaI, on the northern shore of the main island, there is a spot called Obukula, which is marked by a coral outcrop. Obukula is, in fact, a deal (dubwadebula), or house (bwala) that is to say, one of the institutionalizes from which the first ancestors of the linage emerged. (Malinowski 1929 496 f. , italics in original) This precise nuanced and case specific example of the material gained from his methodological approach gives rise to the point if Malinowskis heritage of participant observation has forever distanced Anthropology from bringing forward kB theories?To be able to consider and discuss this motion, it is important to first limn what Malinowski circumscribed when he laid out his dogma for ethnographical research by the term participant observation. Secondly, a closer inspe ction of the dictum megabyte supposition is indispensable for our purpose and give be clarified in the second section of this essay. Subsequently, we will look at these two concepts and their relationship to one another in section three in order to approach the question whether Anthropology can be viewed as a accomplishment able to aimgrand theories. I. Participant observation In the foreword to Argonauts of the Western Pacific Malinowski states that he has lived in that Trobriand Island archipelago for about two years (), during which time he naturally acquired a thorough knowledge of the language. He did his work entirely alone, living for the greater part of the time right in the village. (1966 xvi). This statement already contains the essence of participant observation in fieldwork.The hallmark of this methodological way of collecting data is the immersion of the researcher into her or his field of study over a long menstruation of time and the individual(prenominal) pa rt taking in the interactions of the people in the community studied. When Malinowski defined this new approach of first-hand observation he broke with the, at that time prevailing tradition of armchair ethnography. In this prior approach, ethnographers compiled data gained from historical sources to deduce theories about certain aspects of a usually native community (Osterhoudt 2010). wizard of the main contributions of Malinowskis new method to anthropological theory was that by participating and observing behaviour in the sample community he found out that a discrepancy mingled with actual behaviour and narrative statements exists. The smoothness and uniformity, which the mere verbal statement suggest as the only soma of human conduct, disappears with a better knowledge of cultural reality. (Malinowski 1979 83). This disco rattling in itself already composes a point of criticism towards the preceding ethnographical arm-chair approach to data collection and evaluation. Even thou gh participant observation is establish on a seemingly broad and intuitive research design, it would, however, be incorrect to jib that this approach would be free of any directive principles on how to collect relevant data.Therefore, Malinowski describes how first, the researcher must possess real scientific aims (Malinowski 1966 6) and be known with the theoretical background of anthropology. Further, the researcher should live in the field among the natives all by herself/ himself, and lastly the researcher has to stick to special and strict scientific methods, such(prenominal) as drawing tables of kinship terms, genealogies, maps, plans and diagrams (idib. 1966 10) to collect, prepare and record her/his data.The previous example of the clan system provides a sense of the detailed and case specific tuition that is obtained by the application of participant observation. Besides the kind of the data collected, it should also be looked at the area of research and Malinowskis sug gestion of the subject to be studied. He proposes that the field worker observes human beings acting within an environmental setting, natural and artificial influenced by it, and in turn transforming it in co-operation with each other. (Malinowski 1939 940). Thus, he focuses on the individual as a starting point and its relation to, and mutual dependence on a mixer group. The inquiries of a researcher will hence have to include a specific study of the individual, as well as the group within which he has to live and work. (idib. 1939 950). The collective behavior within that group or society is widely to be seen in certain types of activities, institutions such as the economy, education, or social control and political system in place (idib.1939 954). These institutions, as he points out, can be seen as a fruitful base to investigate the individuals motives and values and they will provide insight into the process by which the individual is conditioned or culturally formed and of the group mechanisms of this process. (idib. 1939 954). II. Grand Theory In the following, the dictum grand theory will be specified and by doing so distinguished into two different tendencies of understanding the concept.Wiarda (2010) defines a grand theory in his book Grand Theories and Ideologies in the Social Sciences as those large, overarching explanations of social and political behaviorliberalism, Marxism, socialism, positivism, corporatism, political culture, institutionalism, psychoanalysis, rational choice theory, environmentalism (Jared Diamond), sociobiology, and now chemistry and geneticsthat give ropiness to the social sciences, help us to organize and think about change and modernization, and give us models to understand complex behavior. (Wiarda 2010 x)This definition of grand theory as an overarching explanation is in line with Anthony heartfelts (1996) understanding of a generalizing science that produces universal, descriptive and predictive laws (idib. 1996 34). Here a grand theory is silent as a theorem providing a universal and structural framework that gives meaning to particular and individual phenomena on the ground. In this process the importance of the local anaesthetic and the contingent, () the extent to which our own concepts and attitudes have been shaped (Skinner 1985 8) builds also a part of the universal framework.The second tendency to conceive the idea of grand theory goes a step further and is mainly characterized by C. Wright Mills application of it. He vigorously criticised the concept in his book The Sociological Imagination (1959) The basic have of grand theory is the initial choice of a level of thinking so general that its practitioners cannot logically get along discomfit to observation. They never, as grand theorists, get down from the higher generalities to problems in their historical and structural contexts.This absence of a firm sense of genuine problems, in turn, makes for the unreality so noticeable in their pages. (idib. 1959 33) As this quote shows, Mills understanding of a grand theory goes beyond our first definition. In this second understanding Mills implies that scientists generating grand theories are engrossed in their endeavour to build abstract, normative and all-embracing frameworks and thus neglect the study of the meaning behind their constructs.The individual with its particular values and interpretations, as well as variety on the scale of the actual area of research fall behind. III. Participant Observation and its relation to Grand Theory interpreted the just outlined conception of grand theory influenced by Mills and putting it in relationship with Malinowskis methodology of participant observation, the answer to our question whether or not Malinowskis heritage barred the way of Anthropology to ever produce grand theories appears unambiguously to be yes.Participant observation in its very nature is close to the individual and aims to explore, over a long per iod of time, which social and cultural forces influence the human being in a specific setting. Therefore, with regards to Mills conception of grand theory, Anthropology has a birth defect called participant observation that will always prevent it from producing highly abstract grand theories, which stand in no relation to the circumstances from where they were deduced from.A closer look reveals that Malinowskis understanding of the anthropological formation of theory aligns with Mills criticism towards highly abstract grand theories It would be easy to quote works of high repute, and with a scientific hall-mark on them, in which wholesale generalisations are laid down before us, and we are not informed at all by what actual experiences the writers have reached their conclusions.() I consider that only such ethnographic sources are of unquestionable scientific value, in which we can clearly draw the line between, on the one hand, the result of direct observation and of native stateme nts and interpretations and on the other, the inferences of the source, based on his common sense of psychological insight. (Malinowski 1966 3) Here Malinowski differences between two approaches of data processing.One approach leads to mere wholesale generalisations and the other approach also includes the actual experiences the researcher faced on the local level that explain on what assumptions and observations her or his generalizations are based on. He hence supports the notion of Anthropology as a science of producing generalisations, as long as they are comprehensible and in direct relation to the reality on the ground. Malinowskis ethnographies exist to a vast amount of descriptive details that are very specific to certain social groups or individual preferences and he has hence often been criticized as an empiricist (see Firth 1957).Also, one could argue that his attempt to put his findings in a neat structured box with columns, as he has done in his article root and Indi vidual in Functional Analysis (1966) seem rather compelled. Nevertheless, he was able to provide social science with universal and generalizing frameworks on, inter alia, on how social institutions function in relation to society. He states that social institutions have a definite organisation, () they are governed by authority, law and order in their public and personal relations, while the latter are, besides, under the control of extremely complex ties of kinship and clanship. (Malinowski 1966 10). Malinowskis suggestion to use institution as a starting point for social and cultural analysis has produced integrated descriptions instead of loosely classified catalogues of traits, and has stimulated the fuller recording of case material from actual behavior as a supplement to the listing of ideal patterns. (Murdock 1943 443). Following Malinowskis ethnographic method and theory construction therefore aims to create a firm framework of the social constitution that disentangles the laws and regularities of all cultural phenomena from the irrelevances. (Malinowski 1966 10f. ). His approach is thus far more that only an accumulation of meaningless observations of an individuals life in a very specific society. Considering these arguments, Malinowski approach can, indeed, be seen as congruent with our first tendency to understand grand theory. The answer to our initial question should hence be that Anthropology is a science that can certainly produce grand theories in the sense of generalized frameworks and universalistic theories, without neglecting the importance of the local and the contingent (Skinner 1985 12).Furthermore, Anthropology can be viewed as an established science with its own field of study being the human being and its social group as well as their mutual dependencies and influences. Anthropology stands in a clear relationship to the other basic science, because it is concerned with studying phenomena at one clearly discriminate level vis-a-vis t hose other sciences. (Good 1996 32) IV. remainder and Outlook As just set out, if the question is, if participatory observation was the downfall of grand theory in the anthropological work field, my answer to it would be no, depending on the definition of grand theory.The science of Anthropology certainly had to withstand some rough winds of criticism, for instance as Wood (1996) lays out, with its strong focus on meaning and actors understanding of facts rather than facts themselves (idib. 1996 31). Some might even buy into Radcliff-Browns (1977) proposal that due to its inconsistency of attribution of meaning to commonly used scientific terms social anthropology reveals itself as not yet a formed science. (idib. 1977 28).In my opinion, however, it was not the launch and implementation of participant observation as introduced by Malinowski in the late twenties of the 20th century that caused a rupture in Anthropology as a grand theory producing science. A more material menace c ame 50 years later when Malinowkis diaries that he wrote, while he was conducting research at the Trobriand Islands were published. These diaries unveiled the he spend a dower of time with Europeans during his fieldwork, and it unfolds the emotional difficulties that Malinowski as fieldworker experienced.Statements such as this drives me to a stage white rage and hatred for bronze-colored skin (Malinowski 1989 261) imply that he was a man thinking in discriminating racial terms, who did not have such a good rapport with the people he studied after all. These disclosures and inconsistencies between his ethnographies and his emotional encounters raised serious doubts on the validity of Malinowskis theoretical conception and methodological approach of participant observation, and thus questioned the anthropological stance as an established science in general.Especially James Cliffords critique on Malinowski and his later to be published book Writing Culture The Poetics and governance of Ethnography (1986), together with George Marcus has created a controversy and critical moot with a strong impact on the anthropological work field. The writing culture debate resulted in a crisis of representation that implied to question every ethnographical division. This shaped a new postmodern genre of self-reflective research report (Clifford 1993 119 trasnl.C. R. ), where the unanimous voice of the author has to be subject to a consistent reflexion process and the emphasis is put on polyphony and complexity. In my opinion, this postmodern angst of the anthropological author to be too determinate in her or his statements and conclusions, led to a trend that was far more hazardous to Anthropology as a grand theory producing science, than the introduction of Malinowskis participant observation methodology.To make myself clear, I am not claiming that the criticism on Malinowskis diaries and the postmodern episode was in itself a curse on Anthropology. I highly value the posi tive impact it had, such as, inter alia, the sensitization of the ethnographer. He or she has to be aware of her or his own position of power in the society studied, and her or his mutual influences on the informants.However, when it comes to extracting and generating universal laws, I believe it is majorly important for Anthropology as a science to not dwindle in a postmodern bulge of relativizations, but confidently create grand theories with regards to the actual phenomena observed. Thus, I strongly agree with Anthony Good (1996) who states that if anthropology is not a generalizing science, it is not worth doing. (idib. 1996 30 italics in original). Bibliography Clifford, James Marcus, George E. , (1986) Writing Culture. The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography., Berkley, University of California Press Clifford, James, (1993) Halbe Wahrheiten In Rippl, Gabriele (Hg. ) Unbeschreiblich weiblich Texte zur feministischen Anthropologie, Frankfurt am Main, Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verl. Fi rth, Raymond, (1957) humans and Culture An Evaluation of the Work of Malinowski, New York, The Humanities Press. Good, Anthrony, (1996) For the Motion Social Anthropology is a Generalizing Science or it is Nothing from Ingold, Tim (ed. ), Key Debates in Anthropology pp. 30-36, Oxon, Routledge.